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The Balfour Declaration
November 2nd, 1917
Dear
Lord Rothschild,
I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration
of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.
"His Majesty's
Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best
endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may
prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status
enjoyed by Jews in any other country."
I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of
the Zionist Federation.
Yours sincerely,
Arthur James Balfour
The
Palestine Mandate
The Council of the League of Nations:
July 24, 1922
Whereas the Principal
Allied Powers have agreed, for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League
of Nations, to entrust to a Mandatory selected by the said Powers the administration of the territory of Palestine, which
formerly belonged to the Turkish Empire, within such boundaries as may be fixed by them; and
Whereas the Principal Allied
Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on
November 2nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favor of the establishment
in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might
prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status
enjoyed by Jews in any other country; and
Whereas recognition has thereby been given to the historical connection of the
Jewish people with Palestine and to the grounds for reconstituting their national home in that country; and
Whereas the
Principal Allied Powers have selected His Britannic Majesty as the Mandatory for Palestine; and
Whereas the mandate in
respect of Palestine has been formulated in the following terms and submitted to the Council of the League for approval; and
Whereas His Britannic Majesty has accepted the mandate in respect of Palestine and undertaken to exercise it on behalf
of the League of Nations in conformity with the following provisions; and
Whereas by the afore-mentioned Article 22 (paragraph
8), it is provided that the degree of authority, control or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory, not having been
previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, shall be explicitly defined by the Council of the League Of Nations;
confirming the said Mandate, defines its terms as follows:
ARTICLE 1. The Mandatory shall have full powers of legislation
and of administration, save as they may be limited by the terms of this mandate.
ART. 2. The Mandatory shall be responsible
for placing the country under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the
Jewish national home, as laid down in the preamble, and the development of self-governing institutions, and also for safeguarding
the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective of race and religion.
ART. 3. The
Mandatory shall, so far as circumstances permit, encourage local autonomy.
ART. 4. An appropriate Jewish agency shall
be recognised as a public body for the purpose of advising and co-operating with the Administration of Palestine in such economic,
social and other matters as may affect the establishment of the Jewish national home and the interests of the Jewish population
in Palestine, and, subject always to the control of the Administration to assist and take part in the development of the country.
The Zionist organization, so long as its organization and constitution are in the opinion of the Mandatory appropriate,
shall be recognised as such agency. It shall take steps in consultation with His Britannic Majesty's Government to secure
the co-operation of all Jews who are willing to assist in the establishment of the Jewish national home.
ART.
5. The Mandatory shall be responsible for seeing that no Palestine territory shall be ceded or leased to, or in any way placed
under the control of the Government of any foreign Power.
ART. 6. The Administration of Palestine, while ensuring
that the rights and position of other sections of the population are not prejudiced, shall facilitate Jewish immigration under
suitable conditions and shall encourage, in co-operation with the Jewish agency referred to in Article 4, close settlement
by Jews on the land, including State lands and waste lands not required for public purposes.
ART. 7. The Administration
of Palestine shall be responsible for enacting a nationality law. There shall be included in this law provisions framed so
as to facilitate the acquisition of Palestinian citizenship by Jews who take up their permanent residence in Palestine.
ART.
8. The privileges and immunities of foreigners, including the benefits of consular jurisdiction and protection as formerly
enjoyed by Capitulation or usage in the Ottoman Empire, shall not be applicable in Palestine.
Unless the Powers whose
nationals enjoyed the afore-mentioned privileges and immunities on August 1st, 1914, shall have previously renounced the right
to their re-establishment, or shall have agreed to their non-application for a specified period, these privileges and immunities
shall, at the expiration of the mandate, be immediately reestablished in their entirety or with such modifications as may
have been agreed upon between the Powers concerned.
ART. 9. The Mandatory shall be responsible for seeing that the
judicial system established in Palestine shall assure to foreigners, as well as to natives, a complete guarantee of their
rights.
Respect for the personal status of the various peoples and communities and for their religious interests shall
be fully guaranteed. In particular, the control and administration of Wakfs shall be exercised in accordance with religious
law and the dispositions of the founders.
ART. 10. Pending the making of special extradition agreements relating to
Palestine, the extradition treaties in force between the Mandatory and other foreign Powers shall apply to Palestine.
ART.
11. The Administration of Palestine shall take all necessary measures to safeguard the interests of the community in connection
with the development of the country, and, subject to any international obligations accepted by the Mandatory, shall have full
power to provide for public ownership or control of any of the natural resources of the country or of the public works, services
and utilities established or to be established therein. It shall introduce a land system appropriate to the needs of the country,
having regard, among other things, to the desirability of promoting the close settlement and intensive cultivation of the
land.
The Administration may arrange with the Jewish agency mentioned in Article 4 to construct or operate, upon fair
and equitable terms, any public works, services and utilities, and to develop any of the natural resources of the country,
in so far as these matters are not directly undertaken by the Administration. Any such arrangements shall provide that no
profits distributed by such agency, directly or indirectly, shall exceed a reasonable rate of interest on the capital, and
any further profits shall be utilised by it for the benefit of the country in a manner approved by the Administration.
ART.
12. The Mandatory shall be entrusted with the control of the foreign relations of Palestine and the right to issue exequaturs
to consuls appointed by foreign Powers. He shall also be entitled to afford diplomatic and consular protection to citizens
of Palestine when outside its territorial limits.
ART. 13. All responsibility in connection with the Holy Places and
religious buildings or sites in Palestine, including that of preserving existing rights and of securing free access to the
Holy Places, religious buildings and sites and the free exercise of worship, while ensuring the requirements of public order
and decorum, is assumed by the Mandatory, who shall be responsible solely to the League of Nations in all matters connected
herewith, provided that nothing in this article shall prevent the Mandatory from entering into such arrangements as he may
deem reasonable with the Administration for the purpose of carrying the provisions of this article into effect; and provided
also that nothing in this mandate shall be construed as conferring upon the Mandatory authority to interfere with the fabric
or the management of purely Moslem sacred shrines, the immunities of which are guaranteed.
ART. 14. A special commission
shall be appointed by the Mandatory to study, define and determine the rights and claims in connection with the Holy Places
and the rights and claims relating to the different religious communities in Palestine. The method of nomination, the composition
and the functions of this Commission shall be submitted to the Council of the League for its approval, and the Commission
shall not be appointed or enter upon its functions without the approval of the Council.
ART. 15. The Mandatory shall
see that complete freedom of conscience and the free exercise of all forms of worship, subject only to the maintenance of
public order and morals, are ensured to all. No discrimination of any kind shall be made between the inhabitants of Palestine
on the ground of race, religion or language. No person shall be excluded from Palestine on the sole ground of his religious
belief.
The right of each community to maintain its own schools for the education of its own members in its own language,
while conforming to such educational requirements of a general nature as the Administration may impose, shall not be denied
or impaired.
ART. 16. The Mandatory shall be responsible for exercising such supervision over religious or eleemosynary
bodies of all faiths in Palestine as may be required for the maintenance of public order and good government. Subject to such
supervision, no measures shall be taken in Palestine to obstruct or interfere with the enterprise of such bodies or to discriminate
against any representative or member of them on the ground of his religion or nationality.
ART. 17. The Administration
of Palestine may organise on a voluntary basis the forces necessary for the preservation of peace and order, and also for
the defence of the country, subject, however, to the supervision of the Mandatory, but shall not use them for purposes other
than those above specified save with the consent of the Mandatory. Except for such purposes, no military, naval or air forces
shall be raised or maintained by the Administration of Palestine.
Nothing in this article shall preclude the Administration
of Palestine from contributing to the cost of the maintenance of the forces of the Mandatory in Palestine.
The Mandatory
shall be entitled at all times to use the roads, railways and ports of Palestine for the movement of armed forces and the
carriage of fuel and supplies.
ART. 18. The Mandatory shall see that there is no discrimination in Palestine against
the nationals of any State Member of the League of Nations (including companies incorporated under its laws) as compared with
those of the Mandatory or of any foreign State in matters concerning taxation, commerce or navigation, the exercise of industries
or professions, or in the treatment of merchant vessels or civil aircraft. Similarly, there shall be no discrimination in
Palestine against goods originating in or destined for any of the said States, and there shall be freedom of transit under
equitable conditions across the mandated area.
Subject as aforesaid and to the other provisions of this mandate, the Administration
of Palestine may, on the advice of the Mandatory, impose such taxes and customs duties as it may consider necessary, and take
such steps as it may think best to promote the development of the natural resources of the country and to safeguard the interests
of the population. It may also, on the advice of the Mandatory, conclude a special customs agreement with any State the territory
of which in 1914 was wholly included in Asiatic Turkey or Arabia.
ART. 19. The Mandatory shall adhere on behalf of
the Administration of Palestine to any general international conventions already existing, or which may be concluded hereafter
with the approval of the League of Nations, respecting the slave traffic, the traffic in arms and ammunition, or the traffic
in drugs, or relating to commercial equality, freedom of transit and navigation, aerial navigation and postal, telegraphic
and wireless communication or literary, artistic or industrial property.
ART. 20. The Mandatory shall co-operate on
behalf of the Administration of Palestine, so far as religious, social and other conditions may permit, in the execution of
any common policy adopted by the League of Nations for preventing and combating disease, including diseases of plants and
animals.
ART. 21. The Mandatory shall secure the enactment within twelve months from this date, and shall ensure the
execution of a Law of Antiquities based on the following rules. This law shall ensure equality of treatment in the matter
of excavations and archaeological research to the nationals of all States Members of the League of Nations.
(1) "Antiquity"
means any construction or any product of human activity earlier than the year 1700 A. D.
(2) The law for the protection
of antiquities shall proceed by encouragement rather than by threat.
Any person who, having discovered an antiquity without
being furnished with the authorization referred to in paragraph 5, reports the same to an official of the competent Department,
shall be rewarded according to the value of the discovery.
(3) No antiquity may be disposed of except to the competent
Department, unless this Department renounces the acquisition of any such antiquity.
No antiquity may leave the country
without an export licence from the said Department.
(4) Any person who maliciously or negligently destroys or damages
an antiquity shall be liable to a penalty to be fixed.
(5) No clearing of ground or digging with the object of finding
antiquities shall be permitted, under penalty of fine, except to persons authorised by the competent Department.
(6) Equitable
terms shall be fixed for expropriation, temporary or permanent, of lands which might be of historical or archaeological interest.
(7) Authorization to excavate shall only be granted to persons who show sufficient guarantees of archaeological experience.
The Administration of Palestine shall not, in granting these authorizations, act in such a way as to exclude scholars of any
nation without good grounds.
(8) The proceeds of excavations may be divided between the excavator and the competent Department
in a proportion fixed by that Department. If division seems impossible for scientific reasons, the excavator shall receive
a fair indemnity in lieu of a part of the find.
ART. 22. English, Arabic and Hebrew shall be the official languages
of Palestine. Any statement or inscription in Arabic on stamps or money in Palestine shall be repeated in Hebrew and any statement
or inscription in Hebrew shall be repeated in Arabic.
ART. 23. The Administration of Palestine shall recognise the
holy days of the respective communities in Palestine as legal days of rest for the members of such communities.
ART.
24. The Mandatory shall make to the Council of the League of Nations an annual report to the satisfaction of the Council as
to the measures taken during the year to carry out the provisions of the mandate. Copies of all laws and regulations promulgated
or issued during the year shall be communicated with the report.
ART. 25. In the territories lying between the Jordan
and the eastern boundary of Palestine as ultimately determined, the Mandatory shall be entitled, with the consent of the Council
of the League of Nations, to postpone or withhold application of such provisions of this mandate as he may consider inapplicable
to the existing local conditions, and to make such provision for the administration of the territories as he may consider
suitable to those conditions, provided that no action shall be taken which is inconsistent with the provisions of Articles
15, 16 and 18.
ART. 26. The Mandatory agrees that, if any dispute whatever should arise between the Mandatory and
another member of the League of Nations relating to the interpretation or the application of the provisions of the mandate,
such dispute, if it cannot be settled by negotiation, shall be submitted to the Permanent Court of International Justice provided
for by Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations.
ART. 27. The consent of the Council of the League of Nations
is required for any modification of the terms of this mandate.
ART. 28. In the event of the termination of the mandate
hereby conferred upon the Mandatory, the Council of the League of Nations shall make such arrangements as may be deemed necessary
for safeguarding in perpetuity, under guarantee of the League, the rights secured by Articles 13 and 14, and shall use its
influence for securing, under the guarantee of the League, that the Government of Palestine will fully honour the financial
obligations legitimately incurred by the Administration of Palestine during the period of the mandate, including the rights
of public servants to pensions or gratuities.
The present instrument shall be deposited in original in the archives of
the League of Nations and certified copies shall be forwarded by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations to all members
of the League.
Done at London the twenty-fourth day of July, one thousand nine hundred and twenty-two.
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